The Province of St Joseph, established on March 2, 1953, was formally inaugurated on April 23, 1953. The Provincial Curia, which functioned temporarily at Mannanam, was shifted to Kottayam in 1956 when the new Curia building was completed. In 1968, the Curia was moved to St Antony's CMI Bhavan, Puthuppally. The Calicut Region, entrusted to the Province, was raised to a Vice-Province in 1969 and became a Province in 1978 under the patronage of St Thomas the Apostle. The Jagdalpur Exarchate, created in 1972, was entrusted to St Joseph's Province. In 1979, the erstwhile St Joseph Province, Kottayam, was bifurcated, leading to the erection of St Joseph's Province, Trivandrum, and Nirmal Vice-Province, Jagdalpur. The Provincial House at Puthuppally continued to function as the Provincial Curia of St Joseph Province, Kottayam, until it was shifted to Kottayam in 1990. The administrative block of the Provincial House was completed and blessed in 1996. The Province today extends over the entire dioceses of Pala and Kanjirappally and parts of the Archdiocese of Changanassery.

The Province began its overseas missionary activities in 1975 by sending two missionaries to Peru, joined later by several others. In 1990, another group of missionaries was sent to strengthen the CMI mission in the dioceses of Lima and Arequipa. To promote the formation of future missionaries, the Province also started sending scholastics to Peru for practical training and theological studies. In 2003, the San Mateo Sub-Region was established with Villa Chavara as its Sub-Regional House in Lima. The Peru Mission further expanded its services to the Archdiocese of Piura in July 2011. At present, 14 members of the Province serve in Peru across the Diocese of Chosica, the Archdiocese of Arequipa, the Prelature of Moyabamba, and the Archdiocese of Piura.

In India, the Province undertook mission work in Gujarat when the districts of Bhavnagar and Amreli in the Diocese of Rajkot were entrusted to it in 1985, followed by the addition of Junagadh district in 1987. The Chavara Sub-Region, Bhavnagar, was officially constituted on January 3, 1985, as a dependent region of the Province. It became a Region in 1996 with its Regional House, Devdarsan, at Merubaugh, and was elevated to the status of a Vice-Province in 2010.

In 1991, the Province initiated a new mission in Papua New Guinea by sending members to the Diocese of Vanimo, where they actively served in challenging pastoral fields. Owing to practical difficulties, this mission was discontinued in 2002. The Province has since expanded its missionary presence to Australia, the United States, and Germany, where its members continue to engage in pastoral ministry in various dioceses. In addition, several members are serving and pursuing higher studies in different countries under the Generalate and the Province. Today, around 50 priests are engaged in overseas missionary service.The CMI Peru mission in South America has a long history. At the request of Monseñor Redento M. Gauci O. Carm. Bishop of Prefecture of Chuquibamba, Camana, Frs Mathew Alphonse Chakkamkunnel, Jose Mundakal and Joseph Malayampuram were sent to Peru on September 7, 1975. Though they were called back in 1987, St Joseph Province Kottayam restarted the mission and sent back Fr Mathew Alphonse Chakkamkunnel. On October 10, 2003, Fr Antony Kariyil, Prior General, through his letter PG 206/2003 assigned Peru to St Joseph Province Kottayam and Fr Joseph Vadakkan, Provincial, made Peru Mission a Sub-Region of the province on October 29, 2003. Currently, 18 of our fathers are involved in pastoral ministry in four dioceses of Peru. With unrelenting zeal our members are offering all kinds of pastoral services for the last four decades and now we are at a stage of retrospection of our hitherto mission strategy and of recommitment by establishing deep roots in this country of our spiritual adoption.

At present, the Province has 275 professed members, comprising 222 priests, 3 permanent brothers, and 50 scholastics, who are actively engaged in proclaiming the Good News through diverse apostolates across India and abroad. On December 8, 2025, the Provincial House was relocated to its new premises, marking another significant milestone in the history and continued growth of the Province.